CHEMISTRY IN DAILY LIFE
Everything
is made of chemicals. Many of the changes we observe in the world around we see
that caused by chemical reactions. Chemistry is very important because it helps
us to know the composition, structure& changes of matter. All the matters
are made up of chemistry. In our every day like various chemical are being used
in various from, some of those are being used as food, some of those used
clanging etc.
Composition of the Human Body
Roughly 96% of our body mass is made up of just 4 elements:-
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen. The remaining 4% consists of
around 60 elements that include sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc, and
the list goes on.
The elements that are required in larger amounts are called macro-nutrients and the others that are needed in minute quantities, usually in parts per million or less, are called micro-nutrients. Chemically, the human body is made up of water and organic compounds- carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
The elements that are required in larger amounts are called macro-nutrients and the others that are needed in minute quantities, usually in parts per million or less, are called micro-nutrients. Chemically, the human body is made up of water and organic compounds- carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Metabolism
The organic processes taking place in the human body are termed as
metabolism, which involves huge number of chemical reactions. The
enzymes that are secreted by different organs act as biocatalysts that
speed up the rate of these reactions, whereas the hormones regulate
their occurrence, time, and speed.
Our well-being, smooth functioning and normal health depends on these metabolic processes. The coordination and simultaneous occurrences of these life processes in an orderly manner is the reason we are fit, healthy, and alive.
Our well-being, smooth functioning and normal health depends on these metabolic processes. The coordination and simultaneous occurrences of these life processes in an orderly manner is the reason we are fit, healthy, and alive.
Respiration
Breathing is the exchange of gases between an organism and its
environment. Respiration is a chemical process, which is a reaction
between glucose or sugars with oxygen, that release energy. It is the
process in which inhalation of oxygen from the air causes inflation of
the lungs, and then deflation occurs by exhaling carbon dioxide into the
environment.
The reaction that takes place during breathing is :-
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ➜ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
The reaction that takes place during breathing is :-
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ➜ 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Composition of Water
Water is the elixir of life on Earth. Hydrogen - a
highly-combustible gas and Oxygen - a gas without which combustion is
impossible, form a covalent bond with each other to create the most
effective fire extinguisher, which is water. The chemical formula of
water is H2O.
Feeling Hungry
Yes! We drink a chemical everyday. Water is important
for all the metabolic processes that occur inside our body. As Leonardo
da Vinci stated "Water is the driving force of all nature."
Feeling Hungry
When you feel hungry the hormone Ghrelin is secreted by the stomach
that triggers hunger. It stimulates the release of the growth hormone.
It plays a role in the release of Insulin and protection of the
cardiovascular organs. So, the next time your stomach growls grab a bite
because if you fast or skip meals, more Ghrelin is produced thus
increasing your craving for food.
Health Care and Beauty
The
diagnostic tests carried out in laboratories, the prognostic estimations,
medical prescriptions, pills, the vaccines, the antibiotics play very vital
role in health monitoring, control of diseases and in alleviating the sufferings
of the humanity. Right from birth control to enhancement of life expectancy-
all have been made possible using the unequivocal services of Chemistry. From
simple sterilization surgical instruments with antiseptic solution to Chemotherapy
and Genome sequencing are all nothing but applications of Chemistry. Injecting
cows, buffaloes, goat and sheep with bovine
some towrope Increases milk-production but
it is indiscriminately being used by sportspersons to un-ethically enhance performance.
Aging- a chemical change can only be checked chemically. Most beauty products
are produced through chemical synthesis to clean, nurture and protect skins.
However their certain ingredients are hazardous to our health in the long run.
Industries and Transport
From
cloth mills, lather factories, petro-chemical industries and refineries to metal
industries- all use numerous fuels for power generation and chemical products
for processing their product and improve the equality and simultaneously
produce pollution. Now-a-days chemical effluent treatment plants use chemicals
to control or neutralist he hazardous impact of pollutants produced by the
industries. Aviation and shipping industries generate power through power plants
which burn fuels. Petrol and diesel emit out green house gases dangerous for
the survival on earth which damage the ozone layer that protects us from UV
rays. As a result global warming has taken place which is a destroyer of the
planet earth. But again Chemistry paves the way with bio-fuels.
Food Security and Agriculture.
The
famous green revolution to increase agricultural produce so as to ensure food security
was triggered by the advent of inorganic fertilizers. Since then fertilizers
are extensively used by farmers to restore the fertility of soil in the fields.
Pesticides are used to protect the crop during farming and preserve the grains
from pests, rats and mice during storage. Genetically modified seeds which are used
to enhance production and earn profits through export of food grains are
agricultural applications of Bio-chemistry. Whereas refrigeration system for
cold storage of vegetables and raw meat uses Poly Urethanes Foam (PUF) and the
chemical properties of gases, the preservatives in packaged food products are
known to have adverse impact on our body.
Science and Technology
The
destructive effects of Atom Bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Generations
in Japan have suffered the devastation and there has-been no solace. The threat
of weapons of mass-destruction (WMDs) like the Nuclear, Chemical and Biological
weapons looms large on the Humanity. Terrorists are using RDX and other
explosives to run currents of fear down the spines across the globe. Nuclear
reactors which are going to serve the future generations through power
generation leave us with the problem of Nuclear Waste Management. Whereas the
destructive power is generated through chains of chemical reactions, we remain
assured that Chemistry has facilitated the chain of counter measures too in the
form of safety suites and NBC resistant bunkers. Forensic science- the comprehensive
scientific analysis of material evidence in the context of the law uses
principles of chemistry to facilitate crime investigation. Tele-communications,
Information Technology and Space Missions- all bank on the chemistry of
semi-conductor sand nano-tubes.
Medicine
Tears and Crying
Sometimes, crying is a
natural reflex. Studies have shown that emotional tears contain more
manganese, an element that affects temperament and more prolactin.
Prolactin is a hormone that regulates milk production. This elimination
of manganese and prolactin is thought to ease out tension building up in
the body and you feel energized and rejuvenated. So, the next time you
feel low and need to vent your emotions, don't hold back. Just cry! It
will help you feel better.
Chemistry of Love
We fall in love or are attracted to someone and have a feeling of
belonging due to an increase in the secretion of -Phenylethylamine (PEA,
or the "love chemical") and the hormones testosterone and estrogen
which promote mating.
When we fall in love, our brain releases dopamine, norepinephrine and pheromones consistently, which evoke the pleasure center in the brain leading to side effects such as increased heart rate, insomnia, an intense feeling of excitement, elation, and focused attention.
When we fall in love, our brain releases dopamine, norepinephrine and pheromones consistently, which evoke the pleasure center in the brain leading to side effects such as increased heart rate, insomnia, an intense feeling of excitement, elation, and focused attention.
Coffee and Sleep
Coffee
keeps you awake due to the presence of caffeine in it. This caffeine
increases dopamine levels in our bodies that stimulates the 'pleasure
areas' in our brain making us feel good. It increases the adrenaline
secretion in the body and speeds up activity in the brain that keeps us
awake.
Body Odor
Perspiration is a way in which the
body cools itself. Body odor mainly originates from the Apocrine glands,
which are found in the armpits, ears, breasts, the genitals, and hair
follicles that become active at the onset of puberty. The sweat that
these glands release is slight yellow in color due to the presence of
fatty acids and proteins in it. The bacteria that thrive on our skin
break down the secretions of the Apocrine glands and create smelly
odors.
Color of Meat
There are two types of meat: red
and white. Red meat contains a highly pigmented protein called myoglobin
that stores oxygen in the muscle cells. More the myoglobin in the
cells, the redder is the meat. However, as meat is heated, the proteins
break down and shrink in size.
When the interior of the meat reaches 170° F, hemichrome (a tan colored compound) levels rise, and the myoglobin becomes metmyoglobin, which gives well-done meat its brown-gray shade. White meat contains glycogen, which has a translucent "glassy" quality when it is raw. When it's cooked, the proteins recombine, or coagulate, and the meat becomes opaque and whitish.
When the interior of the meat reaches 170° F, hemichrome (a tan colored compound) levels rise, and the myoglobin becomes metmyoglobin, which gives well-done meat its brown-gray shade. White meat contains glycogen, which has a translucent "glassy" quality when it is raw. When it's cooked, the proteins recombine, or coagulate, and the meat becomes opaque and whitish.
Apples Turning Brown
Apples
contain an enzyme called polyphenol oxidase (PPO), also known as
tyrosinase. Cutting an apple exposes its cells to the atmospheric oxygen
and oxidizes the phenolic compounds present in apples. This is called
the enzymatic browning that turns a cut apple brown. In addition to
apples, enzymatic browning is also evident in bananas, pears, avocados
and even potatoes.
Crying and Onions
When you
cut an onion you break the cells that form the layers in an onion, thus
releasing an enzyme Alliinase that reacts with a sulfur-containing
compound known as 'prensco', which is also released while cutting. This
reaction results in the formation of 1-propenyl sulfenic acid.
1-propenyl sulfenic acid is further converted to Propanethiol S-oxide, a volatile sulfur compound, by the enzyme LF-synthase (meaning Lachrymatory Factor synthesizing enzyme). This gas, known as the Lachrymatory factor (crying factor), reacts with the water in our eyes to form sulfuric acid causing a burning sensation in your eyes and indicating the tear gland to secrete tears.
1-propenyl sulfenic acid is further converted to Propanethiol S-oxide, a volatile sulfur compound, by the enzyme LF-synthase (meaning Lachrymatory Factor synthesizing enzyme). This gas, known as the Lachrymatory factor (crying factor), reacts with the water in our eyes to form sulfuric acid causing a burning sensation in your eyes and indicating the tear gland to secrete tears.
Stain Removers
Soap is formed
by the reaction between an alkali and a fatty acid. This produces a
molecule with one hydrophilic (water-loving) and one lipophilic
(fat-loving) ends. The lipophilic ends stick to oil, grease, or dirt.
These get engulfed in the soap and are washed away with a fresh stream
of water, leaving a clean surface behind.
This is just a physical reaction that takes place. Soap and stain removers act as emulsifiers which allow oil and water to mix and so the oily mixtures and difficult stains on body and clothes can be removed after application of soap, stain removers, and water.
This is just a physical reaction that takes place. Soap and stain removers act as emulsifiers which allow oil and water to mix and so the oily mixtures and difficult stains on body and clothes can be removed after application of soap, stain removers, and water.
Static Shocks
All materials are made up of
electrical charges in the atoms of the material. There are equal
quantities of electrons (negative charges) and protons (positive
charges) that try to balance each other in the universe. Friction
between two materials causes these charges to redistribute. The
electrons from one atom are transferred to the other.
As we know, like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. Whenever you touch anything that is a good conductor of electricity, the transfer of the extra electrons that have accumulated takes place, and it gives you the static shock. For example, generally in winters, you get a shock when you get out of the car or when you touch the door knob or filing cabinet.
As we know, like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. Whenever you touch anything that is a good conductor of electricity, the transfer of the extra electrons that have accumulated takes place, and it gives you the static shock. For example, generally in winters, you get a shock when you get out of the car or when you touch the door knob or filing cabinet.
Enzymes are biocatalysts in metabolic processes in the body of living things. Specify the nature of the enzyme.
BalasHapus1. As a catalyst
HapusThe first enzyme trait is that it acts as a catalyst. Enzyme is a catalyst that can change the rate of reaction without participating react. Without the presence of enzymes, a reaction is very difficult to occur, whereas in the presence of enzymes the reaction speed can be increased from 107 to 1013 times.
2. Enzymes work specifically and selectively
Enzymes work specifically, meaning that certain enzymes can only make changes to certain substances as well. In other words, the enzyme can only affect one reaction and can not affect other reactions that are not its field. One particular enzyme for one substrate, for example, catalase enzyme can only hydrolyze H2O2 to H2O and O2.
3. Enzymes are back and forth
The properties of the next enzyme are working back and forth as they may react without affecting the final product and will re-form on the reaction product as an enzyme. When reacting, the chemical structure of the enzyme changes, but at the end of the reaction the chemical structure of the enzyme will re-form as before.
4. Like protein
Enzymes have most of the properties of proteins that are affected by temperature and pH. At low temperatures enzyme proteins will experience coagulation and at high temperatures will experience denaturation.
5. Enzymes are thermolabile
Activity of the enzyme is affected by temperature. If the temperature is low, enzyme work will be slow. The higher the temperature of the enzyme-induced chemical reaction the faster, but if the temperature is too high, the enzyme will be denatured.
6. Only required in small quantities
Since the enzyme acts as a catalyst, but does not react, the amount used as the catalyst does not need much. One enzyme molecule can work many times, as long as the molecule is not damaged.
7. Colloid
Because enzymes are composed of protein components, the properties of enzymes are classified as colloids. Enzyme has a very large inter-particle surface so that the field of activity is also large.
8. Enzyme capable of lowering the activation energy
A chemical reaction can occur if the involved molecule has enough internal energy to bring it to the top of the energy hill to a reactive form called a transition stage. The activation energy of a reaction is the amount of energy in calories required to carry all molecules at 1 mol of the compound at a certain temperature to the transition level at the top of the energy limit. If a chemical reaction is added to the catalyst-ie an enzyme, the activation energy can be lowered and the reaction will run more rapidly.
Is there any enzyme involved in the respiratory process?
BalasHapusBreathing is the process of passing through the air into and out of the lungs. Breathing (Respiration) is the event of breathing air from outside which, contains (oxygen) and exhales air that contains carbon dioxide as the residue of oxidation out of the body. Breathing is:
Hapus1. Activities take the air (inspiration) and remove the air (expiration) through the breathing apparatus.
2. Gas exchange between cells and the environment (external respiration).
3. Enzymatic reactions, oxygen utilization requires respiratory enzyme (cytochrome).
The exchange of gas between oxygen and carbon dioxide is done so that the cell respiration process continues. The oxygen required for this respiration process comes from the atmosphere, which provides an approximately 21% oxygen gas content of all the gases present. Oxygen enters the body through the intermediate breathing apparatus that is outside. In humans, the lung alveoli function as a surface for gas exchange.
How metabolic processes in mammals?
BalasHapusMetabolism is all the processes of chemical reactions that occur within the body of living things, starting a single-celled living organism that has a complex body structure like humans. In this case, living things get, change and use chemistry from around to sustain life.
HapusMetabolism includes the process of synthesis (anabolism) and decomposition (catabolism) form or component in living cells. All metabolic reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. This is important in metabolollism is its role in the detoxification or toxic antidote.
The metabolic processes that occur in cells are highly coordinated activities, involving the cooperation of various enzyme systems that catalyze the reactions gradually and require metabolic regulation for the re-control of reactions. Metabolic process
For living organisms have four specific functions, namely:
- To obtain energy in the form of ATP from the degradation of energy-rich substances derived from the environment.
- To convert molecules of nutrients into unit builders catalyst for cell biomolecules.
- To arrange units of builders into proteins, nicleic acid, lipids, polysaccharides, and other cell components. To form and revolutionize biomolecules.
What is the effect if the meat is too long cooked at high temperatures
BalasHapusScientists from the University of Texas MD recently also found that how to cook meat at high temperatures can increase the risk of kidney cancer. Cancer risk increased by as much as 54 percent when participants consumed a certain meat mutagen, a harmful compound created when meat was cooked by heating Which is high, like burned.
HapusFor this reason, researchers advise meat eaters to not only limit the amount of meat they consume, but also pay attention to how the meat is cooked.
"Our findings support the reduction of meat consumption, especially meat cooked at high temperatures or over open flame, as a way to reduce the risk of RCC in the community," said lead author Xifeng Wu, a professor of epidemiology at the University of Texas.
According to the American Cancer Society, about 61,560 new cases of kidney cancer have been diagnosed by the end of 2015. Of these, an estimated 14,080 will die from kidney cancer.
"Kidney cell carcinoma is more common in high-income countries than under-developed countries so it is possible if it is caused by Western lifestyles," said Dr. Ian Johnson, a nutrition researcher at the Institute of Food Research who was not involved in the study.
What substance is contained in the onion so that when we peel the onions will cry?
BalasHapusAs we sliced onions, the sulfur compounds contained in the onion would react with an enzyme to produce sulfenic acid.
HapusThe sulfenic acid is unstable, so it quickly converts to another more stable compound, ie propanetiol S-oxide which is volatile. This volatile compound then interacts with our eyes and forms sulfuric acid.
Sulfuric acid is irritating the eyes, so our eyes will feel sore and become red. As a protection against the eyes, the eyes will produce tears to help remove the compounds that irritate the eye.
This irritation will soon disappear after contact with the onion is stopped.
However, after the onion slice was fried, it will not cause irritation of the eye again because the enzymes used to produce sulfenic acid compounds had become damaged after cooking.
So does it have to do with men who are mostly rarely crying over women so much the tempramen, is it because the manganese content in the tears is not piled up or free?
BalasHapusBiologically men are indeed formed to shed a few tears.
Hapus"Some long-term studies show that men have larger tear ducts in their eyes, making it less likely to make tears to spill from the eyelids to the cheeks," said Geoffrey Goodfellow, a professor at the Illinois College of Optometry in Chicago.
Another study in 1960 revealed, women do have shorter and shallow tear ducts. The study was conducted by measuring male and female skulls.
Hormonal conditions, especially testosterone, will also inhibit the release of tears. As is known testosterone levels in the male body far more than women. In male patients with prostate cancer for example, it is more likely to become more emotional when treated with drugs that lower their testosterone levels.
But this is not just about testosterone. Back in the 1980s, biochemist William Frey H. and his team analyzed the chemical composition of emotional tears and compared them with tears caused by eye irritation. Apparently, emotional tears contain prolactin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland associated with emotions.
Adult women tend to have serum prolactin levels nearly 60 percent above the average of men. This difference as a whole explains why women cry more often.
Before puberty, the levels of serum prolactin in women and men are the same, perhaps this is why the crying rates of boys and girls are not much different. (Monica Erisanti)